netdata/libnetdata/libnetdata.c

// SPDX-License-Identifier: GPL-3.0-or-later

#include "libnetdata.h"

#ifdef __APPLE__
#define INHERIT_NONE 0
#endif /* __APPLE__ */
#if defined(__FreeBSD__) || defined(__APPLE__)
#    define O_NOATIME     0
#    define MADV_DONTFORK INHERIT_NONE
#endif /* __FreeBSD__ || __APPLE__*/

struct rlimit rlimit_nofile = { .rlim_cur = 1024, .rlim_max = 1024 };

#ifdef MADV_MERGEABLE
int enable_ksm = 1;
#else
int enable_ksm = 0;
#endif

volatile sig_atomic_t netdata_exit = 0;
const char *program_version = VERSION;

#define MAX_JUDY_SIZE_TO_ARAL 24
static bool judy_sizes_config[MAX_JUDY_SIZE_TO_ARAL + 1] = {
        [3] = true,
        [4] = true,
        [5] = true,
        [6] = true,
        [7] = true,
        [8] = true,
        [10] = true,
        [11] = true,
        [15] = true,
        [23] = true,
};
static ARAL *judy_sizes_aral[MAX_JUDY_SIZE_TO_ARAL + 1] = {};

struct aral_statistics judy_sizes_aral_statistics = {};

void aral_judy_init(void) {
    for(size_t Words = 0; Words <= MAX_JUDY_SIZE_TO_ARAL; Words++)
        if(judy_sizes_config[Words]) {
            char buf[30+1];
            snprintfz(buf, sizeof(buf) - 1, "judy-%zu", Words * sizeof(Word_t));
            judy_sizes_aral[Words] = aral_create(
                    buf,
                    Words * sizeof(Word_t),
                    0,
                    65536,
                    &judy_sizes_aral_statistics,
                    NULL, NULL, false, false);
        }
}

size_t judy_aral_overhead(void) {
    return aral_overhead_from_stats(&judy_sizes_aral_statistics);
}

size_t judy_aral_structures(void) {
    return aral_structures_from_stats(&judy_sizes_aral_statistics);
}

static ARAL *judy_size_aral(Word_t Words) {
    if(Words <= MAX_JUDY_SIZE_TO_ARAL && judy_sizes_aral[Words])
        return judy_sizes_aral[Words];

    return NULL;
}

inline Word_t JudyMalloc(Word_t Words) {
    Word_t Addr;

    ARAL *ar = judy_size_aral(Words);
    if(ar)
        Addr = (Word_t) aral_mallocz(ar);
    else
        Addr = (Word_t) mallocz(Words * sizeof(Word_t));

    return(Addr);
}

inline void JudyFree(void * PWord, Word_t Words) {
    ARAL *ar = judy_size_aral(Words);
    if(ar)
        aral_freez(ar, PWord);
    else
        freez(PWord);
}

Word_t JudyMallocVirtual(Word_t Words) {
    return JudyMalloc(Words);
}

void JudyFreeVirtual(void * PWord, Word_t Words) {
    JudyFree(PWord, Words);
}

// ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
// memory allocation functions that handle failures

// although netdata does not use memory allocations too often (netdata tries to
// maintain its memory footprint stable during runtime, i.e. all buffers are
// allocated during initialization and are adapted to current use throughout
// its lifetime), these can be used to override the default system allocation
// routines.

#ifdef NETDATA_TRACE_ALLOCATIONS
#warning NETDATA_TRACE_ALLOCATIONS ENABLED
#include "Judy.h"

#if defined(HAVE_DLSYM) && defined(ENABLE_DLSYM)
#include <dlfcn.h>

typedef void (*libc_function_t)(void);

static void *malloc_first_run(size_t size);
static void *(*libc_malloc)(size_t) = malloc_first_run;

static void *calloc_first_run(size_t n, size_t size);
static void *(*libc_calloc)(size_t, size_t) = calloc_first_run;

static void *realloc_first_run(void *ptr, size_t size);
static void *(*libc_realloc)(void *, size_t) = realloc_first_run;

static void free_first_run(void *ptr);
static void (*libc_free)(void *) = free_first_run;

static char *strdup_first_run(const char *s);
static char *(*libc_strdup)(const char *) = strdup_first_run;

static char *strndup_first_run(const char *s, size_t len);
static char *(*libc_strndup)(const char *, size_t) = strndup_first_run;

static size_t malloc_usable_size_first_run(void *ptr);
#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
static size_t (*libc_malloc_usable_size)(void *) = malloc_usable_size_first_run;
#else
static size_t (*libc_malloc_usable_size)(void *) = NULL;
#endif

static void link_system_library_function(libc_function_t *func_pptr, const char *name, bool required) {
    *func_pptr = dlsym(RTLD_NEXT, name);
    if(!*func_pptr && required) {
        fprintf(stderr, "FATAL: Cannot find system's %s() function.\n", name);
        abort();
    }
}

static void *malloc_first_run(size_t size) {
    link_system_library_function((libc_function_t *) &libc_malloc, "malloc", true);
    return libc_malloc(size);
}

static void *calloc_first_run(size_t n, size_t size) {
    link_system_library_function((libc_function_t *) &libc_calloc, "calloc", true);
    return libc_calloc(n, size);
}

static void *realloc_first_run(void *ptr, size_t size) {
    link_system_library_function((libc_function_t *) &libc_realloc, "realloc", true);
    return libc_realloc(ptr, size);
}

static void free_first_run(void *ptr) {
    link_system_library_function((libc_function_t *) &libc_free, "free", true);
    libc_free(ptr);
}

static char *strdup_first_run(const char *s) {
    link_system_library_function((libc_function_t *) &libc_strdup, "strdup", true);
    return libc_strdup(s);
}

static char *strndup_first_run(const char *s, size_t len) {
    link_system_library_function((libc_function_t *) &libc_strndup, "strndup", true);
    return libc_strndup(s, len);
}

static size_t malloc_usable_size_first_run(void *ptr) {
    link_system_library_function((libc_function_t *) &libc_malloc_usable_size, "malloc_usable_size", false);

    if(libc_malloc_usable_size)
        return libc_malloc_usable_size(ptr);
    else
        return 0;
}

void *malloc(size_t size) {
    return mallocz(size);
}

void *calloc(size_t n, size_t size) {
    return callocz(n, size);
}

void *realloc(void *ptr, size_t size) {
    return reallocz(ptr, size);
}

void *reallocarray(void *ptr, size_t n, size_t size) {
    return reallocz(ptr, n * size);
}

void free(void *ptr) {
    freez(ptr);
}

char *strdup(const char *s) {
    return strdupz(s);
}

char *strndup(const char *s, size_t len) {
    return strndupz(s, len);
}

size_t malloc_usable_size(void *ptr) {
    return mallocz_usable_size(ptr);
}
#else // !HAVE_DLSYM

static void *(*libc_malloc)(size_t) = malloc;
static void *(*libc_calloc)(size_t, size_t) = calloc;
static void *(*libc_realloc)(void *, size_t) = realloc;
static void (*libc_free)(void *) = free;

#ifdef HAVE_MALLOC_USABLE_SIZE
static size_t (*libc_malloc_usable_size)(void *) = malloc_usable_size;
#else
static size_t (*libc_malloc_usable_size)(void *) = NULL;
#endif

#endif // HAVE_DLSYM


void posix_memfree(void *ptr) {
    libc_free(ptr);
}

struct malloc_header_signature {
    uint32_t magic;
    uint32_t size;
    struct malloc_trace *trace;
};

struct malloc_header {
    struct malloc_header_signature signature;
    uint8_t padding[(sizeof(struct malloc_header_signature) % MALLOC_ALIGNMENT) ? MALLOC_ALIGNMENT - (sizeof(struct malloc_header_signature) % MALLOC_ALIGNMENT) : 0];
    uint8_t data[];
};

static size_t malloc_header_size = sizeof(struct malloc_header);

int malloc_trace_compare(void *A, void *B) {
    struct malloc_trace *a = A;
    struct malloc_trace *b = B;
    return strcmp(a->function, b->function);
}

static avl_tree_lock malloc_trace_index = {
    .avl_tree = {
        .root = NULL,
        .compar = malloc_trace_compare},
    .rwlock = AVL_LOCK_INITIALIZER
};

int malloc_trace_walkthrough(int (*callback)(void *item, void *data), void *data) {
    return avl_traverse_lock(&malloc_trace_index, callback, data);
}

NEVERNULL WARNUNUSED
static struct malloc_trace *malloc_trace_find_or_create(const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    struct malloc_trace tmp = {
        .line = line,
        .function = function,
        .file = file,
    };

    struct malloc_trace *t = (struct malloc_trace *)avl_search_lock(&malloc_trace_index, (avl_t *)&tmp);
    if(!t) {
        t = libc_calloc(1, sizeof(struct malloc_trace));
        if(!t) fatal("No memory");
        t->line = line;
        t->function = function;
        t->file = file;

        struct malloc_trace *t2 = (struct malloc_trace *)avl_insert_lock(&malloc_trace_index, (avl_t *)t);
        if(t2 != t)
            free(t);

        t = t2;
    }

    if(!t)
        fatal("Cannot insert to AVL");

    return t;
}

void malloc_trace_mmap(size_t size) {
    struct malloc_trace *p = malloc_trace_find_or_create("unknown", "netdata_mmap", 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->mmap_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(add, p->bytes, size);
}

void malloc_trace_munmap(size_t size) {
    struct malloc_trace *p = malloc_trace_find_or_create("unknown", "netdata_mmap", 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->munmap_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(sub, p->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(sub, p->bytes, size);
}

void *mallocz_int(size_t size, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    struct malloc_trace *p = malloc_trace_find_or_create(file, function, line);

    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->malloc_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(add, p->bytes, size);

    struct malloc_header *t = (struct malloc_header *)libc_malloc(malloc_header_size + size);
    if (unlikely(!t)) fatal("mallocz() cannot allocate %zu bytes of memory (%zu with header).", size, malloc_header_size + size);
    t->signature.magic = 0x0BADCAFE;
    t->signature.trace = p;
    t->signature.size = size;

#ifdef NETDATA_INTERNAL_CHECKS
    for(ssize_t i = 0; i < (ssize_t)sizeof(t->padding) ;i++) // signed to avoid compiler warning when zero-padded
        t->padding[i] = 0xFF;
#endif

    return (void *)&t->data;
}

void *callocz_int(size_t nmemb, size_t size, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    struct malloc_trace *p = malloc_trace_find_or_create(file, function, line);
    size = nmemb * size;

    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->calloc_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(add, p->bytes, size);

    struct malloc_header *t = (struct malloc_header *)libc_calloc(1, malloc_header_size + size);
    if (unlikely(!t)) fatal("mallocz() cannot allocate %zu bytes of memory (%zu with header).", size, malloc_header_size + size);
    t->signature.magic = 0x0BADCAFE;
    t->signature.trace = p;
    t->signature.size = size;

#ifdef NETDATA_INTERNAL_CHECKS
    for(ssize_t i = 0; i < (ssize_t)sizeof(t->padding) ;i++) // signed to avoid compiler warning when zero-padded
        t->padding[i] = 0xFF;
#endif

    return &t->data;
}

char *strdupz_int(const char *s, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    struct malloc_trace *p = malloc_trace_find_or_create(file, function, line);
    size_t size = strlen(s) + 1;

    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->strdup_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(add, p->bytes, size);

    struct malloc_header *t = (struct malloc_header *)libc_malloc(malloc_header_size + size);
    if (unlikely(!t)) fatal("strdupz() cannot allocate %zu bytes of memory (%zu with header).", size, malloc_header_size + size);
    t->signature.magic = 0x0BADCAFE;
    t->signature.trace = p;
    t->signature.size = size;

#ifdef NETDATA_INTERNAL_CHECKS
    for(ssize_t i = 0; i < (ssize_t)sizeof(t->padding) ;i++) // signed to avoid compiler warning when zero-padded
        t->padding[i] = 0xFF;
#endif

    memcpy(&t->data, s, size);
    return (char *)&t->data;
}

char *strndupz_int(const char *s, size_t len, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    struct malloc_trace *p = malloc_trace_find_or_create(file, function, line);
    size_t size = len + 1;

    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->strdup_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(add, p->bytes, size);

    struct malloc_header *t = (struct malloc_header *)libc_malloc(malloc_header_size + size);
    if (unlikely(!t)) fatal("strndupz() cannot allocate %zu bytes of memory (%zu with header).", size, malloc_header_size + size);
    t->signature.magic = 0x0BADCAFE;
    t->signature.trace = p;
    t->signature.size = size;

#ifdef NETDATA_INTERNAL_CHECKS
    for(ssize_t i = 0; i < (ssize_t)sizeof(t->padding) ;i++) // signed to avoid compiler warning when zero-padded
        t->padding[i] = 0xFF;
#endif

    memcpy(&t->data, s, size);
    t->data[len] = '\0';
    return (char *)&t->data;
}

static struct malloc_header *malloc_get_header(void *ptr, const char *caller, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    uint8_t *ret = (uint8_t *)ptr - malloc_header_size;
    struct malloc_header *t = (struct malloc_header *)ret;

    if(t->signature.magic != 0x0BADCAFE) {
        netdata_log_error("pointer %p is not our pointer (called %s() from %zu@%s, %s()).", ptr, caller, line, file, function);
        return NULL;
    }

    return t;
}

void *reallocz_int(void *ptr, size_t size, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    if(!ptr) return mallocz_int(size, file, function, line);

    struct malloc_header *t = malloc_get_header(ptr, __FUNCTION__, file, function, line);
    if(!t)
        return libc_realloc(ptr, size);

    if(t->signature.size == size) return ptr;
    size_t_atomic_count(add, t->signature.trace->free_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(sub, t->signature.trace->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(sub, t->signature.trace->bytes, t->signature.size);

    struct malloc_trace *p = malloc_trace_find_or_create(file, function, line);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->realloc_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(add, p->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(add, p->bytes, size);

    t = (struct malloc_header *)libc_realloc(t, malloc_header_size + size);
    if (unlikely(!t)) fatal("reallocz() cannot allocate %zu bytes of memory (%zu with header).", size, malloc_header_size + size);
    t->signature.magic = 0x0BADCAFE;
    t->signature.trace = p;
    t->signature.size = size;

#ifdef NETDATA_INTERNAL_CHECKS
    for(ssize_t i = 0; i < (ssize_t)sizeof(t->padding) ;i++) // signed to avoid compiler warning when zero-padded
        t->padding[i] = 0xFF;
#endif

    return (void *)&t->data;
}

size_t mallocz_usable_size_int(void *ptr, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    if(unlikely(!ptr)) return 0;

    struct malloc_header *t = malloc_get_header(ptr, __FUNCTION__, file, function, line);
    if(!t) {
        if(libc_malloc_usable_size)
            return libc_malloc_usable_size(ptr);
        else
            return 0;
    }

    return t->signature.size;
}

void freez_int(void *ptr, const char *file, const char *function, size_t line) {
    if(unlikely(!ptr)) return;

    struct malloc_header *t = malloc_get_header(ptr, __FUNCTION__, file, function, line);
    if(!t) {
        libc_free(ptr);
        return;
    }

    size_t_atomic_count(add, t->signature.trace->free_calls, 1);
    size_t_atomic_count(sub, t->signature.trace->allocations, 1);
    size_t_atomic_bytes(sub, t->signature.trace->bytes, t->signature.size);

#ifdef NETDATA_INTERNAL_CHECKS
    // it should crash if it is used after freeing it
    memset(t, 0, malloc_header_size + t->signature.size);
#endif

    libc_free(t);
}
#else

char *strdupz(const char *s) {
    char *t = strdup(s);
    if (unlikely(!t)) fatal("Cannot strdup() string '%s'", s);
    return t;
}

char *strndupz(const char *s, size_t len) {
    char *t = strndup(s, len);
    if (unlikely(!t)) fatal("Cannot strndup() string '%s' of len %zu", s, len);
    return t;
}

// If ptr is NULL, no operation is performed.
void freez(void *ptr) {
    free(ptr);
}

void *mallocz(size_t size) {
    void *p = malloc(size);
    if (unlikely(!p)) fatal("Cannot allocate %zu bytes of memory.", size);
    return p;
}

void *callocz(size_t nmemb, size_t size) {
    void *p = calloc(nmemb, size);
    if (unlikely(!p)) fatal("Cannot allocate %zu bytes of memory.", nmemb * size);
    return p;
}

void *reallocz(void *ptr, size_t size) {
    void *p = realloc(ptr, size);
    if (unlikely(!p)) fatal("Cannot re-allocate memory to %zu bytes.", size);
    return p;
}

void posix_memfree(void *ptr) {
    free(ptr);
}

#endif

// --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

void json_escape_string(char *dst, const char *src, size_t size) {
    const char *t;
    char *d = dst, *e = &dst[size - 1];

    for(t = src; *t && d < e ;t++) {
        if(unlikely(*t == '\\' || *t == '"')) {
            if(unlikely(d + 1 >= e)) break;
            *d++ = '\\';
        }
        *d++ = *t;
    }

    *d = '\0';
}

void json_fix_string(char *s) {
    unsigned char c;
    while((c = (unsigned char)*s)) {
        if(unlikely(c == '\\'))
            *s++ = '/';
        else if(unlikely(c == '"'))
            *s++ = '\'';
        else if(unlikely(isspace(c) || iscntrl(c)))
            *s++ = ' ';
        else if(unlikely(!isprint(c) || c > 127))
            *s++ = '_';
        else
            s++;
    }
}

unsigned char netdata_map_chart_names[256] = {
        [0] = '\0', //
        [1] = '_', //
        [2] = '_', //
        [3] = '_', //
        [4] = '_', //
        [5] = '_', //
        [6] = '_', //
        [7] = '_', //
        [8] = '_', //
        [9] = '_', //
        [10] = '_', //
        [11] = '_', //
        [12] = '_', //
        [13] = '_', //
        [14] = '_', //
        [15] = '_', //
        [16] = '_', //
        [17] = '_', //
        [18] = '_', //
        [19] = '_', //
        [20] = '_', //
        [21] = '_', //
        [22] = '_', //
        [23] = '_', //
        [24] = '_', //
        [25] = '_', //
        [26] = '_', //
        [27] = '_', //
        [28] = '_', //
        [29] = '_', //
        [30] = '_', //
        [31] = '_', //
        [32] = '_', //
        [33] = '_', // !
        [34] = '_', // "
        [35] = '_', // #
        [36] = '_', // $
        [37] = '_', // %
        [38] = '_', // &
        [39] = '_', // '
        [40] = '_', // (
        [41] = '_', // )
        [42] = '_', // *
        [43] = '_', // +
        [44] = '.', // ,
        [45] = '-', // -
        [46] = '.', // .
        [47] = '/', // /
        [48] = '0', // 0
        [49] = '1', // 1
        [50] = '2', // 2
        [51] = '3', // 3
        [52] = '4', // 4
        [53] = '5', // 5
        [54] = '6', // 6
        [55] = '7', // 7
        [56] = '8', // 8
        [57] = '9', // 9
        [58] = '_', // :
        [59] = '_', // ;
        [60] = '_', // <
        [61] = '_', // =
        [62] = '_', // >
        [63] = '_', // ?
        [64] = '_', // @
        [65] = 'a', // A
        [66] = 'b', // B
        [67] = 'c', // C
        [68] = 'd', // D
        [69] = 'e', // E
        [70] = 'f', // F
        [71] = 'g', // G
        [72] = 'h', // H
        [73] = 'i', // I
        [74] = 'j', // J
        [75] = 'k', // K
        [76] = 'l', // L
        [77] = 'm', // M
        [78] = 'n', // N
        [79] = 'o', // O
        [80] = 'p', // P
        [81] = 'q', // Q
        [82] = 'r', // R
        [83] = 's', // S
        [84] = 't', // T
        [85] = 'u', // U
        [86] = 'v', // V
        [87] = 'w', // W
        [88] = 'x', // X
        [89] = 'y', // Y
        [90] = 'z', // Z
        [91] = '_', // [
        [92] = '/', // backslash
        [93] = '_', // ]
        [94] = '_', // ^
        [95] = '_', // _
        [96] = '_', // `
        [97] = 'a', // a
        [98] = 'b', // b
        [99] = 'c', // c
        [100] = 'd', // d
        [101] = 'e', // e
        [102] = 'f', // f
        [103] = 'g', // g
        [104] = 'h', // h
        [105] = 'i', // i
        [106] = 'j', // j
        [107] = 'k', // k
        [108] = 'l', // l
        [109] = 'm', // m
        [110] = 'n', // n
        [111] = 'o', // o
        [112] = 'p', // p
        [113] = 'q', // q
        [114] = 'r', // r
        [115] = 's', // s
        [116] = 't', // t
        [117] = 'u', // u
        [118] = 'v', // v
        [119] = 'w', // w
        [120] = 'x', // x
        [121] = 'y', // y
        [122] = 'z', // z
        [123] = '_', // {
        [124] = '_', // |
        [125] = '_', // }
        [126] = '_', // ~
        [127] = '_', //
        [128] = '_', //
        [129] = '_', //
        [130] = '_', //
        [131] = '_', //
        [132] = '_', //
        [133] = '_', //
        [134] = '_', //
        [135] = '_', //
        [136] = '_', //
        [137] = '_', //
        [138] = '_', //
        [139] = '_', //
        [140] = '_', //
        [141] = '_', //
        [142] = '_', //
        [143] = '_', //
        [144] = '_', //
        [145] = '_', //
        [146] = '_', //
        [147] = '_', //
        [148] = '_', //
        [149] = '_', //
        [150] = '_', //
        [151] = '_', //
        [152] = '_', //
        [153] = '_', //
        [154] = '_', //
        [155] = '_', //
        [156] = '_', //
        [157] = '_', //
        [158] = '_', //
        [159] = '_', //
        [160] = '_', //
        [161] = '_', //
        [162] = '_', //
        [163] = '_', //
        [164] = '_', //
        [165] = '_', //
        [166] = '_', //
        [167] = '_', //
        [168] = '_', //
        [169] = '_', //
        [170] = '_', //
        [171] = '_', //
        [172] = '_', //
        [173] = '_', //
        [174] = '_', //
        [175] = '_', //
        [176] = '_', //
        [177] = '_', //
        [178] = '_', //
        [179] = '_', //
        [180] = '_', //
        [181] = '_', //
        [182] = '_', //
        [183] = '_', //
        [184] = '_', //
        [185] = '_', //
        [186] = '_', //
        [187] = '_', //
        [188] = '_', //
        [189] = '_', //
        [190] = '_', //
        [191] = '_', //
        [192] = '_', //
        [193] = '_', //
        [194] = '_', //
        [195] = '_', //
        [196] = '_', //
        [197] = '_', //
        [198] = '_', //
        [199] = '_', //
        [200] = '_', //
        [201] = '_', //
        [202] = '_', //
        [203] = '_', //
        [204] = '_', //
        [205] = '_', //
        [206] = '_', //
        [207] = '_', //
        [208] = '_', //
        [209] = '_', //
        [210] = '_', //
        [211] = '_', //
        [212] = '_', //
        [213] = '_', //
        [214] = '_', //
        [215] = '_', //
        [216] = '_', //
        [217] = '_', //
        [218] = '_', //
        [219] = '_', //
        [220] = '_', //
        [221] = '_', //
        [222] = '_', //
        [223] = '_', //
        [224] = '_', //
        [225] = '_', //
        [226] = '_', //
        [227] = '_', //
        [228] = '_', //
        [229] = '_', //
        [230] = '_', //
        [231] = '_', //
        [232] = '_', //
        [233] = '_', //
        [234] = '_', //
        [235] = '_', //
        [236] = '_', //
        [237] = '_', //
        [238] = '_', //
        [239] = '_', //
        [240] = '_', //
        [241] = '_', //
        [242] = '_', //
        [243] = '_', //
        [244] = '_', //
        [245] = '_', //
        [246] = '_', //
        [247] = '_', //
        [248] = '_', //
        [249] = '_', //
        [250] = '_', //
        [251] = '_', //
        [252] = '_', //
        [253] = '_', //
        [254] = '_', //
        [255] = '_'  //
};

// make sure the supplied string
// is good for a netdata chart/dimension ID/NAME
void netdata_fix_chart_name(char *s) {
    while ((*s = netdata_map_chart_names[(unsigned char) *s])) s++;
}

unsigned char netdata_map_chart_ids[256] = {
        [0] = '\0', //
        [1] = '_', //
        [2] = '_', //
        [3] = '_', //
        [4] = '_', //
        [5] = '_', //
        [6] = '_', //
        [7] = '_', //
        [8] = '_', //
        [9] = '_', //
        [10] = '_', //
        [11] = '_', //
        [12] = '_', //
        [13] = '_', //
        [14] = '_', //
        [15] = '_', //
        [16] = '_', //
        [17] = '_', //
        [18] = '_', //
        [19] = '_', //
        [20] = '_', //
        [21] = '_', //
        [22] = '_', //
        [23] = '_', //
        [24] = '_', //
        [25] = '_', //
        [26] = '_', //
        [27] = '_', //
        [28] = '_', //
        [29] = '_', //
        [30] = '_', //
        [31] = '_', //
        [32] = '_', //
        [33] = '_', // !
        [34] = '_', // "
        [35] = '_', // #
        [36] = '_', // $
        [37] = '_', // %
        [38] = '_', // &
        [39] = '_', // '
        [40] = '_', // (
        [41] = '_', // )
        [42] = '_', // *
        [43] = '_', // +
        [44] = '.', // ,
        [45] = '-', // -
        [46] = '.', // .
        [47] = '_', // /
        [48] = '0', // 0
        [49] = '1', // 1
        [50] = '2', // 2
        [51] = '3', // 3
        [52] = '4', // 4
        [53] = '5', // 5
        [54] = '6', // 6
        [55] = '7', // 7
        [56] = '8', // 8
        [57] = '9', // 9
        [58] = '_', // :
        [59] = '_', // ;
        [60] = '_', // <
        [61] = '_', // =
        [62] = '_', // >
        [63] = '_', // ?
        [64] = '_', // @
        [65] = 'a', // A
        [66] = 'b', // B
        [67] = 'c', // C
        [68] = 'd', // D
        [69] = 'e', // E
        [70] = 'f', // F
        [71] = 'g', // G
        [72] = 'h', // H
        [73] = 'i', // I
        [74] = 'j', // J
        [75] = 'k', // K
        [76] = 'l', // L
        [77] = 'm', // M
        [78] = 'n', // N
        [79] = 'o', // O
        [80] = 'p', // P
        [81] = 'q', // Q
        [82] = 'r', // R
        [83] = 's', // S
        [84] = 't', // T
        [85] = 'u', // U
        [86] = 'v', // V
        [87] = 'w', // W
        [88] = 'x', // X
        [89] = 'y', // Y
        [90] = 'z', // Z
        [91] = '_', // [
        [92] = '_', // backslash
        [93] = '_', // ]
        [94] = '_', // ^
        [95] = '_', // _
        [96] = '_', // `
        [97] = 'a', // a
        [98] = 'b', // b
        [99] = 'c', // c
        [100] = 'd', // d
        [101] = 'e', // e
        [102] = 'f', // f
        [103] = 'g', // g
        [104] = 'h', // h
        [105] = 'i', // i
        [106] = 'j', // j
        [107] = 'k', // k
        [108] = 'l', // l
        [109] = 'm', // m
        [110] = 'n', // n
        [111] = 'o', // o
        [112] = 'p', // p
        [113] = 'q', // q
        [114] = 'r', // r
        [115] = 's', // s
        [116] = 't', // t
        [117] = 'u', // u
        [118] = 'v', // v
        [119] = 'w', // w
        [120] = 'x', // x
        [121] = 'y', // y
        [122] = 'z', // z
        [123] = '_', // {
        [124] = '_', // |
        [125] = '_', // }
        [126] = '_', // ~
        [127] = '_', //
        [128] = '_', //
        [129] = '_', //
        [130] = '_', //
        [131] = '_', //
        [132] = '_', //
        [133] = '_', //
        [134] = '_', //
        [135] = '_', //
        [136] = '_', //
        [137] = '_', //
        [138] = '_', //
        [139] = '_', //
        [140] = '_', //
        [141] = '_', //
        [142] = '_', //
        [143] = '_', //
        [144] = '_', //
        [145] = '_', //
        [146] = '_', //
        [147] = '_', //
        [148] = '_', //
        [149] = '_', //
        [150] = '_', //
        [151] = '_', //
        [152] = '_', //
        [153] = '_', //
        [154] = '_', //
        [155] = '_', //
        [156] = '_', //
        [157] = '_', //
        [158] = '_', //
        [159] = '_', //
        [160] = '_', //
        [161] = '_', //
        [162] = '_', //
        [163] = '_', //
        [164] = '_', //
        [165] = '_', //
        [166] = '_', //
        [167] = '_', //
        [168] = '_', //
        [169] = '_', //
        [170] = '_', //
        [171] = '_', //
        [172] = '_', //
        [173] = '_', //
        [174] = '_', //
        [175] = '_', //
        [176] = '_', //
        [177] = '_', //
        [178] = '_', //
        [179] = '_', //
        [180] = '_', //
        [181] = '_', //
        [182] = '_', //
        [183] = '_', //
        [184] = '_', //
        [185] = '_', //
        [186] = '_', //
        [187] = '_', //
        [188] = '_', //
        [189] = '_', //
        [190] = '_', //
        [191] = '_', //
        [192] = '_', //
        [193] = '_', //
        [194] = '_', //
        [195] = '_', //
        [196] = '_', //
        [197] = '_', //
        [198] = '_', //
        [199] = '_', //
        [200] = '_', //
        [201] = '_', //
        [202] = '_', //
        [203] = '_', //
        [204] = '_', //
        [205] = '_', //
        [206] = '_', //
        [207] = '_', //
        [208] = '_', //
        [209] = '_', //
        [210] = '_', //
        [211] = '_', //
        [212] = '_', //
        [213] = '_', //
        [214] = '_', //
        [215] = '_', //
        [216] = '_', //
        [217] = '_', //
        [218] = '_', //
        [219] = '_', //
        [220] = '_', //
        [221] = '_', //
        [222] = '_', //
        [223] = '_', //
        [224] = '_', //
        [225] = '_', //
        [226] = '_', //
        [227] = '_', //
        [228] = '_', //
        [229] = '_', //
        [230] = '_', //
        [231] = '_', //
        [232] = '_', //
        [233] = '_', //
        [234] = '_', //
        [235] = '_', //
        [236] = '_', //
        [237] = '_', //
        [238] = '_', //
        [239] = '_', //
        [240] = '_', //
        [241] = '_', //
        [242] = '_', //
        [243] = '_', //
        [244] = '_', //
        [245] = '_', //
        [246] = '_', //
        [247] = '_', //
        [248] = '_', //
        [249] = '_', //
        [250] = '_', //
        [251] = '_', //
        [252] = '_', //
        [253] = '_', //
        [254] = '_', //
        [255] = '_'  //
};

// make sure the supplied string
// is good for a netdata chart/dimension ID/NAME
void netdata_fix_chart_id(char *s) {
    while ((*s = netdata_map_chart_ids[(unsigned char) *s])) s++;
}

static int memory_file_open(const char *filename, size_t size) {
    // netdata_log_info("memory_file_open('%s', %zu", filename, size);

    int fd = open(filename, O_RDWR | O_CREAT | O_NOATIME, 0664);
    if (fd != -1) {
        if (lseek(fd, size, SEEK_SET) == (off_t) size) {
            if (write(fd, "", 1) == 1) {
                if (ftruncate(fd, size))
                    netdata_log_error("Cannot truncate file '%s' to size %zu. Will use the larger file.", filename, size);
            }
            else
                netdata_log_error("Cannot write to file '%s' at position %zu.", filename, size);
        }
        else
            netdata_log_error("Cannot seek file '%s' to size %zu.", filename, size);
    }
    else
        netdata_log_error("Cannot create/open file '%s'.", filename);

    return fd;
}

inline int madvise_sequential(void *mem, size_t len) {
    static int logger = 1;
    int ret = madvise(mem, len, MADV_SEQUENTIAL);

    if (ret != 0 && logger-- > 0)
        netdata_log_error("madvise(MADV_SEQUENTIAL) failed.");
    return ret;
}

inline int madvise_random(void *mem, size_t len) {
    static int logger = 1;
    int ret = madvise(mem, len, MADV_RANDOM);

    if (ret != 0 && logger-- > 0)
        netdata_log_error("madvise(MADV_RANDOM) failed.");
    return ret;
}

inline int madvise_dontfork(void *mem, size_t len) {
    static int logger = 1;
    int ret = madvise(mem, len, MADV_DONTFORK);

    if (ret != 0 && logger-- > 0)
        netdata_log_error("madvise(MADV_DONTFORK) failed.");
    return ret;
}

inline int madvise_willneed(void *mem, size_t len) {
    static int logger = 1;
    int ret = madvise(mem, len, MADV_WILLNEED);

    if (ret != 0 && logger-- > 0)
        netdata_log_error("madvise(MADV_WILLNEED) failed.");
    return ret;
}

inline int madvise_dontneed(void *mem, size_t len) {
    static int logger = 1;
    int ret = madvise(mem, len, MADV_DONTNEED);

    if (ret != 0 && logger-- > 0)
        netdata_log_error("madvise(MADV_DONTNEED) failed.");
    return ret;
}

inline int madvise_dontdump(void *mem __maybe_unused, size_t len __maybe_unused) {
#if __linux__
    static int logger = 1;
    int ret = madvise(mem, len, MADV_DONTDUMP);

    if (ret != 0 && logger-- > 0)
        netdata_log_error("madvise(MADV_DONTDUMP) failed.");
    return ret;
#else
    return 0;
#endif
}

inline int madvise_mergeable(void *mem __maybe_unused, size_t len __maybe_unused) {
#ifdef MADV_MERGEABLE
    static int logger = 1;
    int ret = madvise(mem, len, MADV_MERGEABLE);

    if (ret != 0 && logger-- > 0)
        netdata_log_error("madvise(MADV_MERGEABLE) failed.");
    return ret;
#else
    return 0;
#endif
}

void *netdata_mmap(const char *filename, size_t size, int flags, int ksm, bool read_only, int *open_fd)
{
    // netdata_log_info("netdata_mmap('%s', %zu", filename, size);

    // MAP_SHARED is used in memory mode map
    // MAP_PRIVATE is used in memory mode ram and save

    if(unlikely(!(flags & MAP_SHARED) && !(flags & MAP_PRIVATE)))
        fatal("Neither MAP_SHARED or MAP_PRIVATE were given to netdata_mmap()");

    if(unlikely((flags & MAP_SHARED) && (flags & MAP_PRIVATE)))
        fatal("Both MAP_SHARED and MAP_PRIVATE were given to netdata_mmap()");

    if(unlikely((flags & MAP_SHARED) && (!filename || !*filename)))
        fatal("MAP_SHARED requested, without a filename to netdata_mmap()");

    // don't enable ksm is the global setting is disabled
    if(unlikely(!enable_ksm)) ksm = 0;

    // KSM only merges anonymous (private) pages, never pagecache (file) pages
    // but MAP_PRIVATE without MAP_ANONYMOUS it fails too, so we need it always
    if((flags & MAP_PRIVATE)) flags |= MAP_ANONYMOUS;

    int fd = -1;
    void *mem = MAP_FAILED;

    if(filename && *filename) {
        // open/create the file to be used
        fd = memory_file_open(filename, size);
        if(fd == -1) goto cleanup;
    }

    int fd_for_mmap = fd;
    if(fd != -1 && (flags & MAP_PRIVATE)) {
        // this is MAP_PRIVATE allocation
        // no need for mmap() to use our fd
        // we will copy the file into the memory allocated
        fd_for_mmap = -1;
    }

    mem = mmap(NULL, size, read_only ? PROT_READ : PROT_READ | PROT_WRITE, flags, fd_for_mmap, 0);
    if (mem != MAP_FAILED) {

#ifdef NETDATA_TRACE_ALLOCATIONS
        malloc_trace_mmap(size);
#endif

        // if we have a file open, but we didn't give it to mmap(),
        // we have to read the file into the memory block we allocated
        if(fd != -1 && fd_for_mmap == -1) {
            if (lseek(fd, 0, SEEK_SET) == 0) {
                if (read(fd, mem, size) != (ssize_t) size)
                    netdata_log_info("Cannot read from file '%s'", filename);
            }
            else netdata_log_info("Cannot seek to beginning of file '%s'.", filename);
        }

        // madvise_sequential(mem, size);
        madvise_dontfork(mem, size);
        madvise_dontdump(mem, size);
        // if(flags & MAP_SHARED) madvise_willneed(mem, size);
        if(ksm) madvise_mergeable(mem, size);
    }

cleanup:
    if(fd != -1) {
        if (open_fd)
            *open_fd = fd;
        else
            close(fd);
    }
    if(mem == MAP_FAILED) return NULL;
    errno = 0;
    return mem;
}

int netdata_munmap(void *ptr, size_t size) {
#ifdef NETDATA_TRACE_ALLOCATIONS
    malloc_trace_munmap(size);
#endif
    return munmap(ptr, size);
}

char *fgets_trim_len(char *buf, size_t buf_size, FILE *fp, size_t *len) {
    char *s = fgets(buf, (int)buf_size, fp);
    if (!s) return NULL;

    char *t = s;
    if (*t != '\0') {
        // find the string end
        while (*++t != '\0');

        // trim trailing spaces/newlines/tabs
        while (--t > s && *t == '\n')
            *t = '\0';
    }

    if (len)
        *len = t - s + 1;

    return s;
}

// vsnprintfz() returns the number of bytes actually written - after possible truncation
int vsnprintfz(char *dst, size_t n, const char *fmt, va_list args) {
    if(unlikely(!n)) return 0;

    int size = vsnprintf(dst, n, fmt, args);
    dst[n - 1] = '\0';

    if (unlikely((size_t) size >= n)) size = (int)(n - 1);

    return size;
}

// snprintfz() returns the number of bytes actually written - after possible truncation
int snprintfz(char *dst, size_t n, const char *fmt, ...) {
    va_list args;

    va_start(args, fmt);
    int ret = vsnprintfz(dst, n, fmt, args);
    va_end(args);

    return ret;
}

static int is_virtual_filesystem(const char *path, char **reason) {

#if defined(__APPLE__) || defined(__FreeBSD__)
    (void)path;
    (void)reason;
#else
    struct statfs stat;
    // stat.f_fsid.__val[0] is a file system id
    // stat.f_fsid.__val[1] is the inode
    // so their combination uniquely identifies the file/dir

    if (statfs(path, &stat) == -1) {
        if(reason) *reason = "failed to statfs()";
        return -1;
    }

    if(stat.f_fsid.__val[0] != 0 || stat.f_fsid.__val[1] != 0) {
        errno = EINVAL;
        if(reason) *reason = "is not a virtual file system";
        return -1;
    }
#endif

    return 0;
}

int verify_netdata_host_prefix() {
    if(!netdata_configured_host_prefix)
        netdata_configured_host_prefix = "";

    if(!*netdata_configured_host_prefix)
        return 0;

    char buffer[FILENAME_MAX + 1];
    char *path = netdata_configured_host_prefix;
    char *reason = "unknown reason";
    errno = 0;

    struct stat sb;
    if (stat(path, &sb) == -1) {
        reason = "failed to stat()";
        goto failed;
    }

    if((sb.st_mode & S_IFMT) != S_IFDIR) {
        errno = EINVAL;
        reason = "is not a directory";
        goto failed;
    }

    path = buffer;
    snprintfz(path, FILENAME_MAX, "%s/proc", netdata_configured_host_prefix);
    if(is_virtual_filesystem(path, &reason) == -1)
        goto failed;

    snprintfz(path, FILENAME_MAX, "%s/sys", netdata_configured_host_prefix);
    if(is_virtual_filesystem(path, &reason) == -1)
        goto failed;

    if(netdata_configured_host_prefix && *netdata_configured_host_prefix)
        netdata_log_info("Using host prefix directory '%s'", netdata_configured_host_prefix);

    return 0;

failed:
    netdata_log_error("Ignoring host prefix '%s': path '%s' %s", netdata_configured_host_prefix, path, reason);
    netdata_configured_host_prefix = "";
    return -1;
}

char *strdupz_path_subpath(const char *path, const char *subpath) {
    if(unlikely(!path || !*path)) path = ".";
    if(unlikely(!subpath)) subpath = "";

    // skip trailing slashes in path
    size_t len = strlen(path);
    while(len > 0 && path[len - 1] == '/') len--;

    // skip leading slashes in subpath
    while(subpath[0] == '/') subpath++;

    // if the last character in path is / and (there is a subpath or path is now empty)
    // keep the trailing slash in path and remove the additional slash
    char *slash = "/";
    if(path[len] == '/' && (*subpath || len == 0)) {
        slash = "";
        len++;
    }
    else if(!*subpath) {
        // there is no subpath
        // no need for trailing slash
        slash = "";
    }

    char buffer[FILENAME_MAX + 1];
    snprintfz(buffer, FILENAME_MAX, "%.*s%s%s", (int)len, path, slash, subpath);
    return strdupz(buffer);
}

int path_is_dir(const char *path, const char *subpath) {
    char *s = strdupz_path_subpath(path, subpath);

    size_t max_links = 100;

    int is_dir = 0;
    struct stat statbuf;
    while(max_links-- && stat(s, &statbuf) == 0) {
        if((statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFDIR) {
            is_dir = 1;
            break;
        }
        else if((statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK) {
            char buffer[FILENAME_MAX + 1];
            ssize_t l = readlink(s, buffer, FILENAME_MAX);
            if(l > 0) {
                buffer[l] = '\0';
                freez(s);
                s = strdupz(buffer);
                continue;
            }
            else {
                is_dir = 0;
                break;
            }
        }
        else {
            is_dir = 0;
            break;
        }
    }

    freez(s);
    return is_dir;
}

int path_is_file(const char *path, const char *subpath) {
    char *s = strdupz_path_subpath(path, subpath);

    size_t max_links = 100;

    int is_file = 0;
    struct stat statbuf;
    while(max_links-- && stat(s, &statbuf) == 0) {
        if((statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFREG) {
            is_file = 1;
            break;
        }
        else if((statbuf.st_mode & S_IFMT) == S_IFLNK) {
            char buffer[FILENAME_MAX + 1];
            ssize_t l = readlink(s, buffer, FILENAME_MAX);
            if(l > 0) {
                buffer[l] = '\0';
                freez(s);
                s = strdupz(buffer);
                continue;
            }
            else {
                is_file = 0;
                break;
            }
        }
        else {
            is_file = 0;
            break;
        }
    }

    freez(s);
    return is_file;
}

void recursive_config_double_dir_load(const char *user_path, const char *stock_path, const char *subpath, int (*callback)(const char *filename, void *data), void *data, size_t depth) {
    if(depth > 3) {
        netdata_log_error("CONFIG: Max directory depth reached while reading user path '%s', stock path '%s', subpath '%s'", user_path, stock_path, subpath);
        return;
    }

    char *udir = strdupz_path_subpath(user_path, subpath);
    char *sdir = strdupz_path_subpath(stock_path, subpath);

    netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG traversing user-config directory '%s', stock config directory '%s'", udir, sdir);

    DIR *dir = opendir(udir);
    if (!dir) {
        netdata_log_error("CONFIG cannot open user-config directory '%s'.", udir);
    }
    else {
        struct dirent *de = NULL;
        while((de = readdir(dir))) {
            if(de->d_type == DT_DIR || de->d_type == DT_LNK) {
                if( !de->d_name[0] ||
                    (de->d_name[0] == '.' && de->d_name[1] == '\0') ||
                    (de->d_name[0] == '.' && de->d_name[1] == '.' && de->d_name[2] == '\0')
                        ) {
                    netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG ignoring user-config directory '%s/%s'", udir, de->d_name);
                    continue;
                }

                if(path_is_dir(udir, de->d_name)) {
                    recursive_config_double_dir_load(udir, sdir, de->d_name, callback, data, depth + 1);
                    continue;
                }
            }

            if(de->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN || de->d_type == DT_REG || de->d_type == DT_LNK) {
                size_t len = strlen(de->d_name);
                if(path_is_file(udir, de->d_name) &&
                   len > 5 && !strcmp(&de->d_name[len - 5], ".conf")) {
                    char *filename = strdupz_path_subpath(udir, de->d_name);
                    netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG calling callback for user file '%s'", filename);
                    callback(filename, data);
                    freez(filename);
                    continue;
                }
            }

            netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG ignoring user-config file '%s/%s' of type %d", udir, de->d_name, (int)de->d_type);
        }

        closedir(dir);
    }

    netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG traversing stock config directory '%s', user config directory '%s'", sdir, udir);

    dir = opendir(sdir);
    if (!dir) {
        netdata_log_error("CONFIG cannot open stock config directory '%s'.", sdir);
    }
    else {
        if (strcmp(udir, sdir)) {
            struct dirent *de = NULL;
            while((de = readdir(dir))) {
                if(de->d_type == DT_DIR || de->d_type == DT_LNK) {
                    if( !de->d_name[0] ||
                        (de->d_name[0] == '.' && de->d_name[1] == '\0') ||
                        (de->d_name[0] == '.' && de->d_name[1] == '.' && de->d_name[2] == '\0')
                        ) {
                        netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG ignoring stock config directory '%s/%s'", sdir, de->d_name);
                        continue;
                    }

                    if(path_is_dir(sdir, de->d_name)) {
                        // we recurse in stock subdirectory, only when there is no corresponding
                        // user subdirectory - to avoid reading the files twice

                        if(!path_is_dir(udir, de->d_name))
                            recursive_config_double_dir_load(udir, sdir, de->d_name, callback, data, depth + 1);

                        continue;
                    }
                }

                if(de->d_type == DT_UNKNOWN || de->d_type == DT_REG || de->d_type == DT_LNK) {
                    size_t len = strlen(de->d_name);
                    if(path_is_file(sdir, de->d_name) && !path_is_file(udir, de->d_name) &&
                        len > 5 && !strcmp(&de->d_name[len - 5], ".conf")) {
                        char *filename = strdupz_path_subpath(sdir, de->d_name);
                        netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG calling callback for stock file '%s'", filename);
                        callback(filename, data);
                        freez(filename);
                        continue;
                    }

                }

                netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG ignoring stock-config file '%s/%s' of type %d", udir, de->d_name, (int)de->d_type);
            }
        }
        closedir(dir);
    }

    netdata_log_debug(D_HEALTH, "CONFIG done traversing user-config directory '%s', stock config directory '%s'", udir, sdir);

    freez(udir);
    freez(sdir);
}

// Returns the number of bytes read from the file if file_size is not NULL.
// The actual buffer has an extra byte set to zero (not included in the count).
char *read_by_filename(const char *filename, long *file_size)
{
    FILE *f = fopen(filename, "r");
    if (!f)
        return NULL;
    if (fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END) < 0) {
        fclose(f);
        return NULL;
    }
    long size = ftell(f);
    if (size <= 0 || fseek(f, 0, SEEK_END) < 0) {
        fclose(f);
        return NULL;
    }
    char *contents = callocz(size + 1, 1);
    if (!contents) {
        fclose(f);
        return NULL;
    }
    if (fseek(f, 0, SEEK_SET) < 0) {
        fclose(f);
        freez(contents);
        return NULL;
    }
    size_t res = fread(contents, 1, size, f);
    if ( res != (size_t)size) {
        freez(contents);
        fclose(f);
        return NULL;
    }
    fclose(f);
    if (file_size)
        *file_size = size;
    return contents;
}

char *find_and_replace(const char *src, const char *find, const char *replace, const char *where)
{
    size_t size = strlen(src) + 1;
    size_t find_len = strlen(find);
    size_t repl_len = strlen(replace);
    char *value, *dst;

    if (likely(where))
        size += (repl_len - find_len);

    value = mallocz(size);
    dst = value;

    if (likely(where)) {
        size_t count = where - src;

        memmove(dst, src, count);
        src += count;
        dst += count;

        memmove(dst, replace, repl_len);
        src += find_len;
        dst += repl_len;
    }

    strcpy(dst, src);

    return value;
}


BUFFER *run_command_and_get_output_to_buffer(const char *command, int max_line_length) {
    BUFFER *wb = buffer_create(0, NULL);

    pid_t pid;
    FILE *fp = netdata_popen(command, &pid, NULL);

    if(fp) {
        char buffer[max_line_length + 1];
        while (fgets(buffer, max_line_length, fp)) {
            buffer[max_line_length] = '\0';
            buffer_strcat(wb, buffer);
        }
    }
    else {
        buffer_free(wb);
        netdata_log_error("Failed to execute command '%s'.", command);
        return NULL;
    }

    netdata_pclose(NULL, fp, pid);
    return wb;
}

bool run_command_and_copy_output_to_stdout(const char *command, int max_line_length) {
    pid_t pid;
    FILE *fp = netdata_popen(command, &pid, NULL);

    if(fp) {
        char buffer[max_line_length + 1];
        while (fgets(buffer, max_line_length, fp))
            fprintf(stdout, "%s", buffer);
    }
    else {
        netdata_log_error("Failed to execute command '%s'.", command);
        return false;
    }

    netdata_pclose(NULL, fp, pid);
    return true;
}


static int fd_is_valid(int fd) {
    return fcntl(fd, F_GETFD) != -1 || errno != EBADF;
}

void for_each_open_fd(OPEN_FD_ACTION action, OPEN_FD_EXCLUDE excluded_fds){
    int fd;

    switch(action){
        case OPEN_FD_ACTION_CLOSE:
            if(!(excluded_fds & OPEN_FD_EXCLUDE_STDIN))  (void)close(STDIN_FILENO);
            if(!(excluded_fds & OPEN_FD_EXCLUDE_STDOUT)) (void)close(STDOUT_FILENO);
            if(!(excluded_fds & OPEN_FD_EXCLUDE_STDERR)) (void)close(STDERR_FILENO);
#if defined(HAVE_CLOSE_RANGE)
            if(close_range(STDERR_FILENO + 1, ~0U, 0) == 0) return;
            netdata_log_error("close_range() failed, will try to close fds one by one");
#endif
            break;
        case OPEN_FD_ACTION_FD_CLOEXEC:
            if(!(excluded_fds & OPEN_FD_EXCLUDE_STDIN))  (void)fcntl(STDIN_FILENO, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
            if(!(excluded_fds & OPEN_FD_EXCLUDE_STDOUT)) (void)fcntl(STDOUT_FILENO, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
            if(!(excluded_fds & OPEN_FD_EXCLUDE_STDERR)) (void)fcntl(STDERR_FILENO, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
#if defined(HAVE_CLOSE_RANGE) && defined(CLOSE_RANGE_CLOEXEC) // Linux >= 5.11, FreeBSD >= 13.1
            if(close_range(STDERR_FILENO + 1, ~0U, CLOSE_RANGE_CLOEXEC) == 0) return;
            netdata_log_error("close_range() failed, will try to mark fds for closing one by one");
#endif
            break;
        default:
            break; // do nothing
    }

    DIR *dir = opendir("/proc/self/fd");
    if (dir == NULL) {
        struct rlimit rl;
        int open_max = -1;

        if(getrlimit(RLIMIT_NOFILE, &rl) == 0 && rl.rlim_max != RLIM_INFINITY) open_max = rl.rlim_max;
#ifdef _SC_OPEN_MAX
        else open_max = sysconf(_SC_OPEN_MAX);
#endif

        if (open_max == -1) open_max = 65535; // 65535 arbitrary default if everything else fails

        for (fd = STDERR_FILENO + 1; fd < open_max; fd++) {
            switch(action){
                case OPEN_FD_ACTION_CLOSE:
                    if(fd_is_valid(fd)) (void)close(fd);
                    break;
                case OPEN_FD_ACTION_FD_CLOEXEC:
                    (void)fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
                    break;
                default:
                    break; // do nothing
            }
        }
    } else {
        struct dirent *entry;
        while ((entry = readdir(dir)) != NULL) {
            fd = str2i(entry->d_name);
            if(unlikely((fd == STDIN_FILENO ) || (fd == STDOUT_FILENO) || (fd == STDERR_FILENO) )) continue;
            switch(action){
                case OPEN_FD_ACTION_CLOSE:
                    if(fd_is_valid(fd)) (void)close(fd);
                    break;
                case OPEN_FD_ACTION_FD_CLOEXEC:
                    (void)fcntl(fd, F_SETFD, FD_CLOEXEC);
                    break;
                default:
                    break; // do nothing
            }
        }
        closedir(dir);
    }
}

struct timing_steps {
    const char *name;
    usec_t time;
    size_t count;
} timing_steps[TIMING_STEP_MAX + 1] = {
        [TIMING_STEP_INTERNAL] = { .name = "internal", .time = 0, },

        [TIMING_STEP_BEGIN2_PREPARE] = { .name = "BEGIN2 prepare", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_BEGIN2_FIND_CHART] = { .name = "BEGIN2 find chart", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_BEGIN2_PARSE] = { .name = "BEGIN2 parse", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_BEGIN2_ML] = { .name = "BEGIN2 ml", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_BEGIN2_PROPAGATE] = { .name = "BEGIN2 propagate", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_BEGIN2_STORE] = { .name = "BEGIN2 store", .time = 0, },

        [TIMING_STEP_SET2_PREPARE] = { .name = "SET2 prepare", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_SET2_LOOKUP_DIMENSION] = { .name = "SET2 find dimension", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_SET2_PARSE] = { .name = "SET2 parse", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_SET2_ML] = { .name = "SET2 ml", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_SET2_PROPAGATE] = { .name = "SET2 propagate", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_RRDSET_STORE_METRIC] = { .name = "SET2 rrdset store", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_FIRST_CHECK] = { .name = "db 1st check", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_CHECK_DATA] = { .name = "db check data", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_PACK] = { .name = "db pack", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_PAGE_FIN] = { .name = "db page fin", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_MRG_UPDATE] = { .name = "db mrg update", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_PAGE_ALLOC] = { .name = "db page alloc", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_CREATE_NEW_PAGE] = { .name = "db new page", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_DBENGINE_FLUSH_PAGE] = { .name = "db page flush", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_SET2_STORE] = { .name = "SET2 store", .time = 0, },

        [TIMING_STEP_END2_PREPARE] = { .name = "END2 prepare", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_END2_PUSH_V1] = { .name = "END2 push v1", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_END2_ML] = { .name = "END2 ml", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_END2_RRDSET] = { .name = "END2 rrdset", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_END2_PROPAGATE] = { .name = "END2 propagate", .time = 0, },
        [TIMING_STEP_END2_STORE] = { .name = "END2 store", .time = 0, },

        // terminator
        [TIMING_STEP_MAX] = { .name = NULL, .time = 0, },
};

void timing_action(TIMING_ACTION action, TIMING_STEP step) {
    static __thread usec_t last_action_time = 0;
    static struct timing_steps timings2[TIMING_STEP_MAX + 1] = {};

    switch(action) {
        case TIMING_ACTION_INIT:
            last_action_time = now_monotonic_usec();
            break;

        case TIMING_ACTION_STEP: {
            if(!last_action_time)
                return;

            usec_t now = now_monotonic_usec();
            __atomic_add_fetch(&timing_steps[step].time, now - last_action_time, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
            __atomic_add_fetch(&timing_steps[step].count, 1, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
            last_action_time = now;
            break;
        }

        case TIMING_ACTION_FINISH: {
            if(!last_action_time)
                return;

            usec_t expected = __atomic_load_n(&timing_steps[TIMING_STEP_INTERNAL].time, __ATOMIC_RELAXED);
            if(last_action_time - expected < 10 * USEC_PER_SEC) {
                last_action_time = 0;
                return;
            }

            if(!__atomic_compare_exchange_n(&timing_steps[TIMING_STEP_INTERNAL].time, &expected, last_action_time, false, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST, __ATOMIC_SEQ_CST)) {
                last_action_time = 0;
                return;
            }

            struct timing_steps timings3[TIMING_STEP_MAX + 1];
            memcpy(timings3, timing_steps, sizeof(timings3));

            size_t total_reqs = 0;
            usec_t total_usec = 0;
            for(size_t t = 1; t < TIMING_STEP_MAX ; t++) {
                total_usec += timings3[t].time - timings2[t].time;
                total_reqs += timings3[t].count - timings2[t].count;
            }

            BUFFER *wb = buffer_create(1024, NULL);

            for(size_t t = 1; t < TIMING_STEP_MAX ; t++) {
                size_t requests = timings3[t].count - timings2[t].count;
                if(!requests) continue;

                buffer_sprintf(wb, "TIMINGS REPORT: [%3zu. %-20s]: # %10zu, t %11.2f ms (%6.2f %%), avg %6.2f usec/run\n",
                               t,
                               timing_steps[t].name ? timing_steps[t].name : "x",
                               requests,
                               (double) (timings3[t].time - timings2[t].time) / (double)USEC_PER_MS,
                               (double) (timings3[t].time - timings2[t].time) * 100.0 / (double) total_usec,
                               (double) (timings3[t].time - timings2[t].time) / (double)requests
                );
            }

            netdata_log_info("TIMINGS REPORT:\n%sTIMINGS REPORT:                        total # %10zu, t %11.2f ms",
                 buffer_tostring(wb), total_reqs, (double)total_usec / USEC_PER_MS);

            memcpy(timings2, timings3, sizeof(timings2));

            last_action_time = 0;
            buffer_free(wb);
        }
    }
}

#ifdef ENABLE_HTTPS
int hash256_string(const unsigned char *string, size_t size, char *hash) {
    EVP_MD_CTX *ctx;
    ctx = EVP_MD_CTX_create();

    if (!ctx)
        return 0;

    if (!EVP_DigestInit(ctx, EVP_sha256())) {
        EVP_MD_CTX_destroy(ctx);
        return 0;
    }

    if (!EVP_DigestUpdate(ctx, string, size)) {
        EVP_MD_CTX_destroy(ctx);
        return 0;
    }

    if (!EVP_DigestFinal(ctx, (unsigned char *)hash, NULL)) {
        EVP_MD_CTX_destroy(ctx);
        return 0;
    }
    EVP_MD_CTX_destroy(ctx);
    return 1;
}
#endif


bool rrdr_relative_window_to_absolute(time_t *after, time_t *before, time_t now) {
    if(!now) now = now_realtime_sec();

    int absolute_period_requested = -1;
    time_t before_requested = *before;
    time_t after_requested = *after;

    // allow relative for before (smaller than API_RELATIVE_TIME_MAX)
    if(ABS(before_requested) <= API_RELATIVE_TIME_MAX) {
        // if the user asked for a positive relative time,
        // flip it to a negative
        if(before_requested > 0)
            before_requested = -before_requested;

        before_requested = now + before_requested;
        absolute_period_requested = 0;
    }

    // allow relative for after (smaller than API_RELATIVE_TIME_MAX)
    if(ABS(after_requested) <= API_RELATIVE_TIME_MAX) {
        if(after_requested > 0)
            after_requested = -after_requested;

        // if the user didn't give an after, use the number of points
        // to give a sane default
        if(after_requested == 0)
            after_requested = -600;

        // since the query engine now returns inclusive timestamps
        // it is awkward to return 6 points when after=-5 is given
        // so for relative queries we add 1 second, to give
        // more predictable results to users.
        after_requested = before_requested + after_requested + 1;
        absolute_period_requested = 0;
    }

    if(absolute_period_requested == -1)
        absolute_period_requested = 1;

    // check if the parameters are flipped
    if(after_requested > before_requested) {
        long long t = before_requested;
        before_requested = after_requested;
        after_requested = t;
    }

    // if the query requests future data
    // shift the query back to be in the present time
    // (this may also happen because of the rules above)
    if(before_requested > now) {
        time_t delta = before_requested - now;
        before_requested -= delta;
        after_requested  -= delta;
    }

    *before = before_requested;
    *after = after_requested;

    return (absolute_period_requested != 1);
}

// Returns 1 if an absolute period was requested or 0 if it was a relative period
bool rrdr_relative_window_to_absolute_query(time_t *after, time_t *before, time_t *now_ptr, bool unittest_running) {
    time_t now = now_realtime_sec() - 1;

    if(now_ptr)
        *now_ptr = now;

    time_t before_requested = *before;
    time_t after_requested = *after;

    int absolute_period_requested = rrdr_relative_window_to_absolute(&after_requested, &before_requested, now);

    time_t absolute_minimum_time = now - (10 * 365 * 86400);
    time_t absolute_maximum_time = now + (1 * 365 * 86400);

    if (after_requested < absolute_minimum_time && !unittest_running)
        after_requested = absolute_minimum_time;

    if (after_requested > absolute_maximum_time && !unittest_running)
        after_requested = absolute_maximum_time;

    if (before_requested < absolute_minimum_time && !unittest_running)
        before_requested = absolute_minimum_time;

    if (before_requested > absolute_maximum_time && !unittest_running)
        before_requested = absolute_maximum_time;

    *before = before_requested;
    *after = after_requested;

    return (absolute_period_requested != 1);
}

int netdata_base64_decode(const char *encoded, char *decoded, size_t decoded_size) {
    static const unsigned char base64_table[256] = {
            ['A'] = 0, ['B'] = 1, ['C'] = 2, ['D'] = 3, ['E'] = 4, ['F'] = 5, ['G'] = 6, ['H'] = 7,
            ['I'] = 8, ['J'] = 9, ['K'] = 10, ['L'] = 11, ['M'] = 12, ['N'] = 13, ['O'] = 14, ['P'] = 15,
            ['Q'] = 16, ['R'] = 17, ['S'] = 18, ['T'] = 19, ['U'] = 20, ['V'] = 21, ['W'] = 22, ['X'] = 23,
            ['Y'] = 24, ['Z'] = 25, ['a'] = 26, ['b'] = 27, ['c'] = 28, ['d'] = 29, ['e'] = 30, ['f'] = 31,
            ['g'] = 32, ['h'] = 33, ['i'] = 34, ['j'] = 35, ['k'] = 36, ['l'] = 37, ['m'] = 38, ['n'] = 39,
            ['o'] = 40, ['p'] = 41, ['q'] = 42, ['r'] = 43, ['s'] = 44, ['t'] = 45, ['u'] = 46, ['v'] = 47,
            ['w'] = 48, ['x'] = 49, ['y'] = 50, ['z'] = 51, ['0'] = 52, ['1'] = 53, ['2'] = 54, ['3'] = 55,
            ['4'] = 56, ['5'] = 57, ['6'] = 58, ['7'] = 59, ['8'] = 60, ['9'] = 61, ['+'] = 62, ['/'] = 63,
            [0 ... '+' - 1] = 255,
            ['+' + 1 ... '/' - 1] = 255,
            ['9' + 1 ... 'A' - 1] = 255,
            ['Z' + 1 ... 'a' - 1] = 255,
            ['z' + 1 ... 255] = 255
    };

    size_t count = 0;
    unsigned int tmp = 0;
    int i, bit;

    if (decoded_size < 1)
        return 0; // Buffer size must be at least 1 for null termination

    for (i = 0, bit = 0; encoded[i]; i++) {
        unsigned char value = base64_table[(unsigned char)encoded[i]];
        if (value > 63)
            return -1; // Invalid character in input

        tmp = tmp << 6 | value;
        if (++bit == 4) {
            if (count + 3 >= decoded_size) break; // Stop decoding if buffer is full
            decoded[count++] = (tmp >> 16) & 0xFF;
            decoded[count++] = (tmp >> 8) & 0xFF;
            decoded[count++] = tmp & 0xFF;
            tmp = 0;
            bit = 0;
        }
    }

    if (bit > 0 && count + 1 < decoded_size) {
        tmp <<= 6 * (4 - bit);
        if (bit > 2 && count + 1 < decoded_size) decoded[count++] = (tmp >> 16) & 0xFF;
        if (bit > 3 && count + 1 < decoded_size) decoded[count++] = (tmp >> 8) & 0xFF;
    }

    decoded[count] = '\0'; // Null terminate the output string
    return count;
}