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“Point” is one of many units of measurement for type and the default unit used in contemporary print design. Like the pixel, the point is an absolute unit, as opposed to a relative unit such as an em, en, or rem.
The actual physical size of a point has varied throughout history, but since the mid-1980s, one point is equivalent to 1/72nd of an inch in print. Browsers have no concept of physical size and, although the size of an actual pixel varies, CSS defines a point as 1⅓ pixels.
But what is the point size of a font? Font rendering on screen or in print starts with scaling the font’s em to the desired point size. But there’s no specific part of a font that equals the point size, nor any combination of parts that necessarily add up to the point size. For Latin-based languages, the average capital height is about 70% of the point size. In an average font, the x-height is roughly half the point size. The font bounding box may approximately equal the point size, but there is no specific, required relationship. Thus, how large a given font is at a given point size varies, and is font-specific. If you set two different fonts at 16 point, very likely one will be larger than the other.